Статьи 2025 г.

Авторы:

Усольцев В.А.;

Контактная информация:

Уральский государственный лесотехнический университет

ул. Сибирский тракт, 37, Екатеринбург, 620100 Российская Федерация

Ключевые слова:

квалиметрия древесины, растущие деревья, пилодин-тестер, резистограф, ригидометр, акустические и радиационные методы, NIR-спектроскопия

Страницы:

81–126

Реферат

* Статья публикуется в сетевом издании

УДК 630*52:674.038.15

Усольцев В. А. Квалиметрия лесных деревьев. 1. Oбзор методов неразрушающего контроля // Сибирский лесной журнал. 2025. № 1. С. 81–126.

DOI: 10.15372/SJFS20250108

EDN: …

При изучении биологической продуктивности лесов и разработке нормативов учета всех компонентов биомассы необходимо знать закономерности динамики плотности древесины растущих деревьев как их ключевой экологической характеристики, требующей применения неразрушающих методов. Пилодин-метод, как один из наиболее простых и доступных, востребован в селекционных программах, однако отбор по показателю плотности, получаемому пилодин-тестером, оказался эффективным не для всех древесных видов, а изменчивость плотности, объясняемая этим методом, варьирует в диапазоне от 27 до 92 %. Квалиметрия методом сопротивления бурению древесины на базе резистографа, как более чувствительного прибора по сравнению с пилодин-тестером, также нашла широкое применение в селекционных программах, но оба метода основаны на локальном зондировании, и его экстраполяция на всё дерево дает смещения оценок. Применение ригидометр-конструкции лишено недостатка, присущего двум выше упомянутым методам. Но метод оказался сравнительно трудоемким для выполнения множественных замеров. Акустический метод оценки модуля упругости и плотности древесины является чувствительным к наличию пороков древесины и позволяет снять противоречие целевых установок селекции, направленных одновременно на повышение скорости роста и плотности древесины. Радиационные методы успешно регистрируют внутрикольцевую плотность, но требуют применения дорогого оборудования. Преимущество NIR-спектроскопии (ближнего инфракрасного спектра) перед всеми остальными методами состоит в возможности оценивать химию древесины и выход целлюлозы, но она не дает прямой оценки и требует специальной калибровки. Таким образом, любая техника имеет свои ограничения, и представленный краткий её анализ может способствовать выбору варианта, наиболее пригодного для того или иного метода неразрушающего контроля.

Текст статьи

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